Human-animal interaction: understanding the role of dog and cat interactions in emotional wellbeing.

Companion animals are often assumed to benefit human emotional wellbeing, yet empirical evidence for this effect and the proposed stress-buffering mechanism underlying this effect is heterogeneous. This study examined whether momentary interaction with a companion animal is associated with pet owners' positive and negative affect in daily life, and whether these interactions buffer the affective impact of stress. We further tested whether these associations differ between interacting with dogs versus cats. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), 188 dog and cat owners reported their affect, stress, and interactions with their companion animals at random moments up to 10 times per day over five consecutive days. Multilevel regression analyses accounting for repeated measurements nested within individuals, including random intercepts and slopes, and controlling for age, gender, and social context, showed that pet interaction was associated with higher positive and lower negative affect, independent of species. No evidence for a stress-buffering effect was found, instead a species-specific pattern emerged for negative affect in response to event-related stress: interactions with cats amplified, rather than attenuated, the association between stress and negative affect. Overall, findings support robust momentary emotional benefits of interacting with companion animals, but do not support stress-buffering as the mechanism underlying this association. These results emphasize the importance of considering both species and situational context when examining the psychological impact of human-animal interaction.