Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42382445›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2026

4,4'-DMAR

Giorgia Corli, Elisa Roda, Beatrice Marchetti, Micaela Tirri, Sabrine Bilel, Marta Bassi, Beatrice Benedetti, Elena Cavarretta, Giacomo Frati, Fabrizio De Luca and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Translational Toxicology ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Giorgia Corli *Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Elisa Roda *Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Beatrice MarchettiDepartment of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Micaela TirriDepartment of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Sabrine BilelDepartment of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Marta BassiDepartment of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Beatrice BenedettiSection of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioetics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
Elena CavarrettaDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
Giacomo FratiDepartment of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
Fabrizio De LucaDepartment of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Lodi, Italy.
Carlo Alessandro LocatelliLaboratory of Clinical & Experimental Toxicology, Pavia Poison Centre, National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Fabio De-GiorgioSection of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioetics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
Matteo MartiDepartment of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Backgrounds/aims: Synthetic stimulants represent the largest group of new psychoactive substances and include the aminorex class, which possess anorectic properties and a pharmacological profile similar to that of amphetamine. Among these, 4,4'-dimethylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR) is one of the best-known synthetic stimulants with a chiral structure, which gives rise to two stereoisomers [(±) Methods: We evaluated heart rate, breathing rate, and cardiac (ECG) and respiratory (plethysmography) electrical parameters. The most severe effects were observed after administration of 10 mg/kg (±) Results: These treatments induced tachycardia and narrow-QRS arrhythmias, characterized by an increase in the corrected QT/QT interval, tachypnea, and a decrease in relaxation time, with varying degrees of intensity, probably due to differences in metabolism. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis of the heart specimens revealed significant alterations in inflammation/oxidative stress markers in cardiomyocytes and blood vessel walls, accompanied by cytoarchitectural changes. Conclusions: These findings provide the first evidence of the severe toxicity of 4,4'-DMAR to the cardiac and respiratory systems, highlighting the importance of dosage and stereoisomer coadministration. This serves as a warning of the complex nature and potential dangers of intoxication.

Indexed as

4,4′-DMARarrhythmiacardiotoxicityNPSstimulant

Identifiers

PMID42382445
PMCPMC13314426

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.