ArticleSafety and health at work2026
Job Strain Profiles in Pharmacy Workforce: Evidence from the Job Demand, Control, and Support Model in Ghana.
Article in Safety and health at work, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: The Job Demand-Control-Support (JD-C-S) model evaluates how psychosocial work factors affect health and performance. We examined how demographics, job title, and experience influence demand, control, and support among Ghanaian pharmacy staff. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of pharmacy personnel from Tamale and Sagnarigu was conducted using the JD-C-S questionnaire. Demand and control items were scored on a five-point Likert scale. For the main analyses, demand and control scores were dichotomized using sample median cutoffs (demand = 3.0; control/support = 3.5) and combined to classify participants into four job-strain categories: high strain, low strain, active, and passive. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analyses using linear regression with continuous JD-C-S scale scores were performed. Results: There were 117 pharmacy personnel (mean age: 26.7; 42% female). Passive (43.6%) and active jobs (29.1%) were the most common, followed by high-strain (18.8%) and low-strain (8.5%) jobs. Job demand means were significantly higher in participants aged ≤30 years than in younger participants (3.16 vs Conclusion: Job title, experience, age, and sex shape the psychosocial work profiles of pharmacy personnel, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to reduce stress and support well-being.
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