ArticleSafety and health at work2026
Carcinogens in Petroleum-derived Products: Evaluation of Benzene, Ethylbenzene, and Other Carcinogens Under High Temperatures.
Article in Safety and health at work, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Petroleum-derived products (PDPs) often contain carcinogens such as benzene and ethylbenzene. However, exposure risks significantly increase during high-temperature workplace processes (120°C-180°C). We evaluated the thermal release of various carcinogens in PDPs, focusing on benzene, ethylbenzene, and other European Union Regulation on Classification, Labelling, and Packaging 1A/1B compounds under elevated temperatures. Methods: Thirty PDPs were categorized into four groups: viscous liquid of lubricant (VL), aerosol of lubricant, semisolid of grease, and aerosol of remover. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Headspace analysis was conducted at temperatures from 30°C to 180°C to evaluate volatile carcinogens. Results: The number of carcinogens increased systematically with temperature. At 180°C, European Union Regulation on Classification, Labelling, and Packaging 1A/1B compounds were found in 40-75% of samples. Benzene was detected in 13 products (43.33%) and ethylbenzene in 29 products (96.67%). Increasing temperature enhanced benzene concentrations in 20-50% of products and ethylbenzene concentrations in 17-80% of products, with VL products showing the highest concentrations. Notably, several carcinogens not listed on standard Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) were detected at temperatures exceeding 120°C. Conclusion: Benzene and ethylbenzene should be removed from PDPs when possible. Elevated temperatures release additional "hidden" carcinogens not listed on SDSs. VL products should be avoided in high-temperature environments, and adequate ventilation and worker education are essential when using these products in confined spaces.
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