Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42381563›Full record

ArticleNeurogastroenterology and motility2026

Expert Clinical Consensus on Body Surface Gastric Mapping Phenotypes for Gastroduodenal Disorders: 'Auckland Classification' v1.0.

Chris Varghese, Nicky Dachs, Gabriel Schamberg, Thomas Abell, Mohammad Al-Haddad, Timothy Robert Angeli-Gordon, Shahin Ayazi, Homira Ayubi, Mohammad Bashashati, Robert Bulat and 57 more

Abstract readConsensus Statement
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neurogastroenterology and motility, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

67 authors.

Chris VargheseDepartment of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7369-8639
Nicky DachsAlimetry Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3964-8086
Gabriel SchambergAlimetry Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-9614
Thomas AbellUniversity of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
Mohammad Al-HaddadIndiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Timothy Robert Angeli-GordonAuckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1610-3787
Shahin AyaziAllegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Homira AyubiKing's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Mohammad BashashatiDell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Robert BulatJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Stefan CalderAlimetry Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
Christopher Brian CederwallWellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.
Bianca ChangCedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3593-348X
Leo ChengAuckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-8987
John ClarkeStanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Charlotte DakerWaitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5218-5973
Peng DuAuckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Jon EricksonDepartment of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Sven ErikssonAllegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Asma FikreeUniversity College London, London, UK.
Daphne FoongAlimetry Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
Mark FoxKlinik Arlesheim and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Uday Chand GhoshalApollo Multispeciality Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-8495
Mahesh GoenkaApollo Multispeciality Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Rehan HaidryCleveland Clinic London, London, UK.
William L HaslerMayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6158-2871
Bu'Hussain HayeeKing's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Vincent HoSchool of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3127-2933
Gerald HoltmanPrincess Alexandra Hospital; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Anthony Robert HobsonFunctional Gut Clinic, London, UK.
I-Hsuan HuangTri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Daniel KeszthelyiMaastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9856-9980
Sahib S KhalsaLaureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-8585
Natasha KoloskiPrincess Alexandra Hospital; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Braden KuoVagelos College of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
David KunkelUniversity of California, San Diego, California, USA.
Mikaela LawDepartment of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
David LevinthalUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Joy J LiuFeinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-8387
Prateek MathurUniversity of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
Baharak MoshireeAtrium Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Leila NeshatianStanford University, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-5012
Catherine NgoHoag Digestive Health Institute, Newport Beach, California, USA.
Linda NguyenStanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Nicholas R OblizajekMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6444-3386
Henry P ParkmanTemple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Sanjay PandanaboyanaFreeman Hospital, Newcastle, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-2197
Alexander PodboyMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Ali RezaieCedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Amol SharmaMedical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5843-1220
Sam SimmondsAlimetry Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
Jonathan SivakumarUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Jarongkorn SirimongkolkasemChulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Irene SonuStanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
Abigail StockerUniversity of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
Joseph SujkaUniversity of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Jan TackUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Charles VerdonkFrench Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.
Xiao Jing WangMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7842-1161
Douglas WeinsteinHackensack Meridian Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune City, New Jersey, USA.
John WindsorDepartment of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Nicha WongjarupongBangkok Hospital Pattaya, Chonburi, Thailand.
William XuDepartment of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-2769
Natalia Zarate-LopezUniversity College London, London, UK.
Christopher N AndrewsDepartment of Gastroenterology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Armen A GharibansDepartment of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Greg O'GradyDepartment of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Funding

Health Research Council of New Zealand
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionChronic gastroduodenal disorders remain challenging to manage, and new diagnostic approaches are needed to better delineate underlying causes and guide therapeutic decisions. Body Surface Gastric Mapping (BSGM) technologies combine high-resolution gastric myoelectrical activity measurements with symptom and psychological profiling to provide mechanistic insights into gastric motor and sensory dysfunction. An International Working Group convened to derive the first consensus classification of BSGM phenotypes (the "Auckland Classification").

methodsA Technical Group conducted a systematic literature and clinical database review to identify objective test biomarkers and candidate disease mechanisms. Evidence was synthesized across 50 studies (primarily in gastroparesis, chronic nausea and vomiting, and functional dyspepsia), and BSGM phenotypes were mapped to existing treatment guidelines. Subsequently, iterative review and development of consensus was performed by a Consensus Group composed of international clinical experts familiar with BSGM. Eleven statements underlying the classification were then derived and circulated as a final survey to establish agreement.

resultsSix BSGM phenotypes were endorsed: three defined by myoelectrical abnormalities (Dysrhythmic, High Frequency, and Low Meal Response) and three by characteristic symptom associations (Sensorimotor, Continuous, and Delayed Onset Symptoms). Published studies plausibly linked these phenotypes to mechanisms including interstitial cell of Cajal depletion, vagal impairment, hypomotility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut-brain dysregulation, and small bowel dysfunction. Phenotypes were also mapped to existing mechanism-based treatment guidelines. Ten out of the eleven statements had > 80% agreement.

conclusionsThe Auckland Classification, derived by international consensus, presents a structured framework for BSGM-defined patient phenotypes. Evidence and mechanism-based treatment options are suggested for each phenotype to provide a foundation for research, further validation, and a pathway for integrating BSGM into clinical care.

Indexed as

Duodenal DiseasesGastrointestinal DiseasesStomachHumansPhenotypebody surface gastric mappingchronic nausea and vomiting syndromesdiagnosticselectrogastrographyelectrophysiologyfunctional dyspepsiagastroparesishigh‐resolution electrogastrography

Identifiers

PMID42381563
PMCPMC13320621

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.