Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42381454›Full record

ArticleTransboundary and emerging diseases2026

Emergence of Escherichia coli Hybrid Pathotype ETEC/STEC: A Macroepidemiological Approach of Molecular Characterization in the United States Swine Population.

Elisa De Conti, Guilherme Cezar, Thuc Quyen Le, Meghana Korada, Kinath Rupasinghe, Hemant K Naikare, Angela Pillatzki, Craig L Bowen, Melanie Prarat, Franco Matias Ferreyra and 44 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

54 authors.

Elisa De ContiVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2978-270X
Guilherme CezarVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-457X
Thuc Quyen LeVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.
Meghana KoradaVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.
Kinath RupasingheVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.
Hemant K NaikareVeterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, umn.edu.
Angela PillatzkiVeterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA, sdstate.edu.
Craig L BowenCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, purdue.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2642-1926
Melanie PraratOhio Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA.
Franco Matias FerreyraKansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, k-state.edu.
Rodger MainVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0691-1307
Paul YeskeSwine Vet Center, PA, St. Peter, Minnesota, USA.
Mark SchwartzVeterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, umn.edu.
Beth ThompsonSouth Dakota Animal Industry Board, Pierre, South Dakota, USA.
Peter SchneiderInnovative Agricultural Solutions, LLC, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Samuel CopelandPrestage Farms, St. Pauls, North Carolina, USA.
Luc DufresneSwine Veterinary Partners, Quebec, California, USA.
Daniel BoykinSmithfield Foods, Smithfield, Virginia, USA.
Megan NiederwerderSwine Health Information Center, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Deborah MurrayNew Fashion Pork, Jackson, Minnesota, USA.
Brigitte MasonCountry View Family Farms, Hatfield, Pennsylvania, USA.
Corrine FrugéThe Maschhoffs, LLC, Carlyle, Illinois, USA.
William HollisCarthage Veterinary Service Ltd., Carthage, Illinois, USA.
Rebecca RobbinsPIC, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA.
Thomas PetznickIndependent Veterinarian, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
Kurt KueckerThe Hanor Company, Enid, Oklahoma, USA.
Lauren GlowzenskiPipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA.
Brooke KittingSeaboard Foods, Guymon, Oklahoma, USA.
Gustavo SilvaVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-8803
Bret CrimVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.
Eric BurroughVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4747-9189
Phillip GaugerVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-8769
Michael ZellerVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5505-6931
Sara McReynoldsKansas Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
Darin MadsonVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.
Mary ThurnVeterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, umn.edu.
Paulo FioravanteVeterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, umn.edu.
Albert RoviraVeterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, umn.edu.
Rob McGaugheyKansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, k-state.edu.
Jamie RetallickKansas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, k-state.edu.
Jon GresethVeterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA, sdstate.edu.
Darren KerseyVeterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA, sdstate.edu.
Travis ClementVeterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA, sdstate.edu.
Jane Christopher-HenningsVeterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA, sdstate.edu.
Dennis SummersOhio Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA.
Kenitra HendrixCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, purdue.edu.
James LyonsCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, purdue.edu.
Joseph BoyleCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, purdue.edu.
Leticia LinharesVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5305-7981
Edson MagalhãesDepartment of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.
Christopher RademacherVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0592-1373
Daniel LinharesVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7788-9942
Marcelo AlmeidaVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3638-7721
Giovani TrevisanVeterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, iastate.edu.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4980-526X

Funding

National Institute of Food and AgricultureSwine Health Information Center #24-017U.S. Department of Agriculture #2023-67015-39883
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Escherichia coli-associated diseases continue to be a significant concern in swine health. Disease may occur when E. coli strains harbor specific virulence factors. The combination of virulence factors detected in a single isolate forms a virotype, which can be grouped into pathotypes based on mechanisms of pathogenicity. This study compiled E. coli polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sample-level data from six major U.S. veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) to evaluate trends in E. coli virulence factors, virotypes, and pathotypes from porcine cases. The dataset contained diagnostic results for E. coli virulence factors detected by PCR, including attachment genes (fimbriae and adhesins) and toxin genes (heat-labile, heat-stable, and Shiga-like toxins). Between 2008 and 2025, major shifts were observed in the detection of key E. coli virulence factors. Temporal trend analysis using the Mann-Kendall test showed increasing detection of the virulence factors F18, F41, STa, Stx2, and Stx2e, while F4, AIDA, Paa, and EAST1 decreased over time. Similar patterns were observed among isolates classified as potentially pathogenic, with increases in F18, F41, STa, Stx2, and Stx2e and decreases in F4, AIDA, Paa, and EAST1 detection. Among pathotypes, Hybrid enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)/STEC had an increase in detection over time, whereas ETEC, STEC, and isolates classified as not potentially pathogenic decreased. This large-scale diagnostic dataset reveals a notable shift in the E. coli pathogenic profile in swine over the past decade, characterized by an increasing detection of the hybrid ETEC/STEC pathotype and evolving virotype compositions.

Indexed as

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coliEscherichia coli InfectionsShiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coliSwine DiseasesAnimalsSwineUnited StatesVirulence FactorsVirulence Factors

Identifiers

PMID42381454
PMCPMC13319902

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.