ArticleBMC oral health2026
Evaluation of pediatric drugs on the surface roughness of primary enamel and restorative materials: an in vitro study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPediatric liquid medications may adversely affect the surface properties of dental tissues and restorative materials. This study assessed the effect of amoxicillin and azithromycin suspensions on the surface roughness of primary enamel, Cention N, and resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI).
methodsA total of 90 specimens were included in this study: 30 primary enamel specimens, 30 Cention N specimens, and 30 RMGI specimens. Each substrate group was further subdivided into three subgroups (n = 10) according to the immersion medium: amoxicillin suspension, azithromycin suspension, or artificial saliva. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a contact profilometer at baseline and after completion of three consecutive 7-day immersion cycles separated by 2-day intervals. The cumulative exposure times were 126 min for amoxicillin and 42 min for azithromycin. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA, with the level of significance set at p ≤ 0.05.
resultsBoth amoxicillin and azithromycin suspensions significantly increased surface roughness compared with artificial saliva (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively), with no significant difference between the two antibiotics (p = 0.999). In all material groups, both suspensions significantly increased surface roughness, whereas artificial saliva caused no significant change. Primary enamel showed a significantly lower increase in surface roughness than both Cention N and RMGI.
conclusionsBoth amoxicillin and azithromycin pediatric suspensions increased the surface roughness of primary enamel, Cention N, and RMGI under the conditions of this in vitro study. Although azithromycin showed an alkaline pH, the comparable roughening effects of the two antibiotics suggest that surface changes may be influenced by multiple factors, including formulation characteristics and cumulative exposure time.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.