Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42380441›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

In silico design and evaluation of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting eyach virus for the prevention of tick-borne encephalitis in humans.

Waad A Aljohani, Masood Alam Khan, Fawzyah Obeedallah Albaldi, Alaa Karkashan, Khulud Bukhari, Sarah Nasser Alnuwaysir, Razan Abdalrahman Almohimid, Amal M H Mackawy, Amal H Mohammed, Khaled S Allemailem

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Waad A AljohaniDepartment of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
Masood Alam KhanDepartment of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
Fawzyah Obeedallah AlbaldiDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Alaqiq, 65779-7738, Saudi Arabia.
Alaa KarkashanDepartment of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21959, Saudi Arabia.
Khulud BukhariDepartment of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, 36362, Saudi Arabia.
Sarah Nasser AlnuwaysirDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
Razan Abdalrahman AlmohimidDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
Amal M H MackawyDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
Amal H MohammedDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.
Khaled S AllemailemDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia. k.allemailem@qu.edu.sa.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Eyach virus is a tick-borne pathogen associated with neurological complications resembling encephalitis, and its increasing emergence highlights a growing public health concern. The absence of specific antiviral therapies and limited surveillance data emphasize the urgent need for effective preventive strategies such as vaccine development. This study presents an immunoinformatics-driven design and in silico evaluation of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate targeting Eyach virus. Structural proteins VP5 and VP7 were analyzed to identify highly antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic B-cell, CTL, and HTL epitopes. The selected epitopes demonstrated broad global population coverage of 97.94%, indicating wide immunogenic applicability. These epitopes were assembled into a 256 amino acid vaccine construct using suitable linkers and β-defensin-3 as an adjuvant. Physicochemical properties analysis revealed a stable, hydrophilic, and soluble protein profile. Structural modeling and refinement confirmed high stereochemical quality, with 96.3% of residues located in favored regions. Molecular docking analysis indicated favorable predicted interactions between the vaccine construct and TLR3 and TLR4. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed the structural stability, compactness, and consistent behavior of the complexes. In addition, MM/GBSA analysis revealed favorable binding free energies, with the vaccine-TLR3 complex exhibiting a stronger binding free energy of - 203.29 kcal/mol. Immune simulation predicted robust humoral and cellular immune responses, including elevated immunoglobulin levels, cytokine production, and memory cell formation following a three-dose regimen. Overall, the findings suggest that the proposed multi-epitope vaccine is a promising candidate against Eyach virus; however, experimental validation is required to confirm its safety and efficacy.

Indexed as

Encephalitis, Tick-BorneEncephalitis Viruses, Tick-BorneEpitopesViral VaccinesAnimalsComputer SimulationEpitopes, B-LymphocyteEpitopes, T-LymphocyteHumansImmunoinformaticsMolecular Docking SimulationMolecular Dynamics SimulationProtein Subunit VaccinesEpitopesEpitopes, B-LymphocyteEpitopes, T-LymphocyteProtein Subunit VaccinesViral VaccinesEpitope predictionEyach virusImmune simulationMolecular dockingMolecular dynamics simulationMulti-epitope vaccineToll-like receptorsVaccine design

Identifiers

PMID42380441
PMCPMC13545261

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.