Genomic forecasting for climate-resilient fruit trees.

Fruit trees - long-lived perennial crops cultivated for their edible fruits or nuts and frequently propagated clonally - are increasingly exposed to climate extremes that threaten their productivity and survival. Yet their capacity to adapt to rapid environmental change remains poorly understood. We argue that fruit trees and their wild relatives are powerful but underused systems for advancing genomic forecasting in perennials, with a focus on genomic offset analyses. Genomic offset estimates the mismatch between current genomic variation and that predicted to be optimal under future climates, offering a promising framework to anticipate maladaptation and guide conservation, breeding, and management strategies. Although its application is expanding rapidly in annual crops and forest trees, its interpretation and predictive value remain actively debated and require stronger empirical validation. Fruit trees are particularly well suited to address these challenges as they combine distinctive biology - including long generation times, clonal propagation and intensive management practices - with expanding genomic resources and common garden networks. Using emblematic Mediterranean and temperate species, we outline a roadmap that combines genomic offset with common-garden networks, high-resolution climate data, and trait-based fitness proxies. Together, these resources position fruit trees as an powerful model to evaluate and refine genomic forecasting  into a practical tool for biodiversity-informed breeding and conservation under global change, and better understand plant adaptation and maladaptation processes.