ReviewIndian journal of ophthalmology2026
Dopamine receptors in ocular surface biology: Current evidence and future directions.
Review in Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dopamine, a classical catecholamine neurotransmitter, exerts diverse regulatory functions in the central nervous system, retina, and intraocular signaling. Recent research has highlighted its emerging role in ocular surface biology, which includes the cornea, conjunctiva, tear film, and lacrimal glands. The ocular surface serves as a neuroepithelialimmune interface where neuromodulators such as dopamine influence epithelial homeostasis, wound repair, inflammation, and sensory signaling. Molecular and functional studies have confirmed the expression of dopamine receptor subtypes (DRD1-DRD5) and dopaminergic enzymes in ocular surface cells including corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells, stromal keratocytes, and lacrimal glands, suggesting local dopaminergic regulation. Activation of D₁-like receptors enhances corneal epithelial regeneration and suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while D₂-like receptor stimulation reduces lacrimal gland inflammation in experimental dryeye models. Dopamine is an important mediator linking the central nervous system, immune system, and peripheral cells function at the ocular surface. By modulating ion transport, immune signaling, and regenerative activity, dopamine plays a crucial role in maintaining ocular surface homeostasis and tissue resilience. In this review, we demonstrated the expression of dopamine receptors in human scleral cells, conjunctival and corneal epithelail cells. Further, the review consolidates current evidence on dopamine receptor expression and function across ocular surface tissues, explores mechanistic insights into dopaminergic regulation, and highlights the translational potential of dopamine based interventions in ocular surface disorders, wound healing, and neuronal inflammation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.