Observational studyClinical and experimental nephrology2026
Anemia prevalence and treatment patterns in chronic kidney disease: a nationwide observational study using a Japanese primary care database (2018-2023).
Observational study in Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with poor outcomes, including CKD progression, mortality, and cardiovascular events. Standard treatments include iron supplements and injectable erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Oral hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) have recently emerged as a new treatment option, providing easier accessibility for general practitioners.
methodsThis real-world descriptive study used the Japan Medical Data Survey database to analyze the prevalence of anemia, anemia treatment, and treatment type in non-dialysis patients with CKD and treated in primary care clinics. Data from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2023 were assessed and analyzed by subgroups (year, CKD stage, patient age, treatment setting, sex, and region).
resultsThis study included 397,419 patients. Anemia treatment rates increased from 16.4% (2018) to 22.7% (2023), accompanied by an increased proportion of patients with hemoglobin levels ≥ 11 g/dL (78.8%-87.9%). From 2020, use of HIF-PHIs increased and use of ESAs decreased, with HIF-PHIs overtaking ESAs in 2022-2023. During 2022-2023 (N = 340,398), patients with more severe CKD stages had lower hemoglobin levels and an increased prevalence of anemia (11.6% [CKD G3a]-73.6% [CKD G5]). Older patients tended to have lower hemoglobin values, increased anemia prevalence, more severe CKD, and increased use of HIF-PHIs and ESAs.
conclusionUse of HIF-PHIs in primary care settings in Japan is increasing, resulting in changes to anemia treatment received by patients with CKD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.