ReviewDiscover nano2026
Detection of submicron titanium debris associated with peri-implantitis.
Review in Discover nano, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe main aim of this study was to perform a systematic review on the detection of submicron-scale titanium debris at peri-implant tissues focusing on the analytical methods.
methodsA PRISMA-oriented systematic search was carried out on PubMed and Scopus using the following search items: titanium debris, submicron particles, peri-implantitis, analytical methods, inflammation, and implant failure. The inclusion criteria involved in vivo studies published in the English language, until November 26, 2025. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool.
resultsPrevious studies reveal submicron-scale titanium debris at peri-implant tissues although the particles' detection depend on the microscopic method. High-resolution SEM and TEM images clearly showed titanium debris' dimensions below 1 µm although the heterogeneity of the studies revealed limitations on the particles' measurements. Some titanium particles were associated with oxidative stress and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines to osteoclastogenesis (i.e., RANKL/RANK/OPG) and other inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE
conclusionThus, submicron titanium debris can be detected at peri-implant tissues that indicate the degradation of the materials and potential adverse biological effects in the human body. However, the analytical methods should involve high-resolution microscopy and a careful analysis of the images.
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Registered trials
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