ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2026
Detection and characterization of
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Introduction: As a part of an ongoing investigation of the 2025 multistate outbreak of infant botulism linked to consumption of powdered infant formula (PIF), various samples - including unopened containers of PIF and base powder (bulk PIF before packaging) - were analyzed for the presence of Methods: Samples were screened using a tiered analytical approach: anaerobic enrichment followed by real-time PCR targeting botulinum neurotoxin-associated genes, confirmatory PCR, amplicon sequencing, colony isolation, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results: Genomic analysis revealed genetic identity between isolates from one finished product lot and a base powder, while an isolate from another lot was distinct. Importantly, detection occurred in samples with non-detectable sulfite-reducing clostridia (SRC). Conclusion: Results of this study demonstrate that indicator-based screening (such as SRC enumeration) even if it had been in place before the outbreak, would not have prevented its occurrence. Positive linkage of an infant botulism outbreak to PIF should compel manufacturers to recognize
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