ArticleOpen veterinary journal2026
Augmentation of IL-21 and soluble CD14 in systemic aspergillosis through combined immunostimulation with beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid.
Article in Open veterinary journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Aim: This experiment determined the effects of beta-glucan, biphasic beta-glucan, and DT on the systemic immune response to Methods: It was done on 50 male albino rats, and they were then subjected to a systemic injection of Results: The results revealed a significant increase in IL-21 and sCD14 levels in the beta-glucan group compared with those in the control group. Nevertheless, the beta-glucan + DT group had the most potent effect, with an increase in both markers. Conclusion: The combination of beta-glucan and diphtheria toxoid provides a potent immunomodulatory regimen that boosts innate (sCD14) and adaptive (IL-21) immune pathways and enhances host defense against systemic fungal infection.
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