ArticleKidney international reports2026
K-SALT Equation for Urinary Sodium Estimation in CKD.
Article in Kidney international reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Accurate estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium (24 hUNa) excretion is essential for assessing sodium intake and guiding salt restriction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, existing equations have shown limited validity in Korean populations. Therefore, we aimed to develop and validate the Korean sodium assessment tool (K-SALT), an equation for estimating 24 hUNa excretion from spot urine specifically designed for Korean patients with CKD. Methods: This study employed a hybrid cohort design across 16 teaching hospitals in Korea. Data for the development and internal validation cohorts were prospectively collected according to a standardized urine collection protocol, whereas data for the external validation cohort were retrospectively obtained from an independent patient group. Multiple regression models were constructed using demographic, anthropometric, and spot urine variables, and their performance was compared with existing equations using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), mean bias, and area under the curve (AUC) analyses. Results: A total of 1637 patients with CKD were included in this study (1077 for the development and internal validation, and 560 for the external validation). The K-SALT equation demonstrated superior performance compared with previously reported formulas, showing higher ICC and AUC values with smaller mean prediction error. External validation confirmed its robustness across CKD stages and subgroups. Conclusion: The K-SALT study provides the first large-scale, population-specific equation for estimating 24hUNa excretion in Korean patients with CKD. By better reflecting the demographic and clinical characteristics of this population, the K-SALT equation enables more accurate assessment of sodium intake and supports individualized dietary sodium management in CKD care.
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