ArticleKidney medicine2026
Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy and Risk of CKD Progression in Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Renin Angiotensin System Inhibitors and SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in Kidney medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rationale & Objective: Optimal antihypertensive therapy with renoprotective effects is essential to slow diabetic kidney disease progression. We evaluated the impact of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers on kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving guideline-directed renin angiotensin system inhibitors and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Study Design Participants & Settings: A retrospective cohort study using Clalit Health Services (2016-2021). Exposure: Adults with type 2 diabetes treated with both renin angiotensin system inhibitors and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors were categorized into dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers group (renin angiotensin system inhibitors + dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, with or without other agents) or a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker-free group (renin angiotensin system inhibitors ± other antihypertensives excluding dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers). Outcomes: The primary outcome was a major adverse kidney event (MAKE; defined as ≥40% estimated glomerular filtration rate decline or progression to kidney failure). Secondary outcomes included initiation of renal replacement therapy and all-cause mortality. Safety outcomes included hospitalizations and acute kidney injury. Analytical Approach: Inverse probability of treatment weighting was applied to balance baseline characteristics. Results: We included 31,031 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with both sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and renin angiotensin system inhibitors. A total of 12,172 (60.8%) received dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and 18,859 (39.2%) received dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker-free therapy. Median follow-up was 1,260 days. Overall, 482 patients experienced MAKE, and 2,064 patients died. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker use was associated with a higher risk of MAKE compared with dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker-free therapy (weighted HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.03-1.73; Limitations: The observational design is subject to residual confounding and did not allow for full characterization of medication exposure. Conclusions: In patients with type 2 diabetes treated with renin angiotensin system inhibitors and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, concomitant therapy with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers was associated with a higher risk of adverse kidney outcomes. These findings may help inform clinicians when weighing the potential risks and benefits of second-line antihypertensive therapy in this population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.