ArticleExploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy2026
Preliminary development of a Risk Factor Index to identify older adults at risk of adverse medication-related outcomes: A Delphi Study.
Article in Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Older adults remain susceptible to medication-related harm, particularly in the context of chronic disease management. Patients' beliefs and health literacy have been shown to influence medication-related outcomes; however, these factors are not routinely incorporated into existing strategies to minimise adverse outcomes. This study therefore aimed to develop a Risk Factor Index to assist clinicians in identifying older adults at risk of adverse medication-related outcomes. Methods: A Delphi technique was employed to achieve expert consensus in developing an index to identify older adults (≥65 years) at risk of adverse medication-related outcomes. A multidisciplinary panel of clinicians and researchers were recruited via professional networks. Participants completed an online questionnaire, drawing on their expertise. Statements reaching ≥80% agreement were retained for subsequent rounds. Open-ended responses were thematically analysed using NVivo 15. Results: Thirty-seven experts completed Round 1 and twenty-nine completed Round 2. Participants included pharmacists, doctors, nurses and academics. Consensus was reached on 7 of 15 statements in Round 1 (83.7%-97.3%) and all statements in Round 2 (82.7%-100%). Thematic analysis identified six key risk factors: age-related functional decline, multimorbidity and pharmacological complexity, barriers to understanding, economic and financial concerns, healthcare interactions, and suboptimal medicine use. Conclusion: This study identified key social and individual factors contributing to inappropriate medication use and adverse outcomes in older adults. Informed by expert consensus, the index was developed to help identify at-risk individuals. While promising, the index requires validation. Findings highlight the need for a socially informed, person-centred approach to medication management in routine practice.
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