ArticleOpen veterinary journal2026
Heavy metal contamination pathways and health risk assessment in raw buffalo milk from Egyptian dairy environments: Implications for safety and sustainability.
Article in Open veterinary journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Buffalo is an essential component of Egypt's dairy industry. However, their environmental pollution threatens the production and sustainability of the sector. Heavy metal (HM) contamination in dairy systems is a growing environmental and public health concern, particularly in developing regions experiencing increased industrial and livestock intensification. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate HM contamination in buffalo milk across three environmentally distinct dairy farms in Egypt, identify potential environmental exposure pathways, and assess associated public health risks. Methods: ICP-MS/MS was employed to determine the concentrations of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and cobalt (Co) in composite milk samples (48) obtained twice weekly from three selected Buffalo dairies located in Al Qalyubia and Giza provinces, over two months, alongside tracing the possible contamination pathways of the collected environmental samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated for each metal based on the corresponding oral reference dose (RfDo) to evaluate public health implications. In addition, the water quality and the bedding nitrogen profile were assessed. Results: Significant differences ( Conclusion: Spatial variations in HM contamination, milk production, and associated health risk assessments reflected local environmental contamination from industrial, agricultural, and municipal sources. These findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring, source tracing, and planned farm management practices to protect the health of consumers and the sustainability of Egypt's buffalo dairy sector.
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