ArticleOpen veterinary journal2026
Antimicrobial activity of buffalo milk whey hydrolysates against multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from dairy products.
Article in Open veterinary journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Dairy products are nutritionally rich food items that are potentially reservoirs for food pathogenic microorganisms, especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, if produced and/or handled under poor hygienic conditions. In addition to the fear of acquiring antimicrobial resistance within the dairy production chain, bioactive peptides from milk whey are attracting attention as natural substitutes for antimicrobial agents and as potential replacements for traditional antibiotics. Aim: The current study attempts to isolate and describe different bacterial species from various frequently consumed products from the dairy industry and determine their antimicrobial resistance patterns. In addition, this study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of peptides to be fractionated from enzymatically hydrolyzed buffalo milk whey against selected MDR dairy-derived isolates. Methods: Dairy samples were taken from multiple sites, totaling 290 items, including yogurts, cheeses, and creams, and were then processed in aseptic conditions. Bacterial isolates were cultured and purified using the VITEK®2 Compact System and other biochemical techniques. Using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique, the antimicrobial susceptibility exhibited 15 antibiotics and a multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced for molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis using universal primers. The antimicrobial activities of the whey hydrolysates and peptide fractions from processed, enzymatically hydrolyzed, and fractionated buffalo milk whey were evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Results: From the dairy products recovered, 12 species were represented by 136 bacterial isolates, with approximately equal levels across cheeses, creams, and yogurts. Significant MAR indices, with most isolates showing >0.2, indicated that many of the isolates came from environments of high contamination risk, showing resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin. Phylogenetic analysis for all isolates confirmed the closely related genetic relationship to other strains from various parts of the world for the amplified 16S rRNA gene (approximately 1,500 bp). The buffalo milk whey that had been enzymatically hydrolyzed, along with some of the selected chromatographic fractions, exhibited high levels of antibacterial activities against the MDR isolates, although some differences in MIC values were dependent on the specific strain. Conclusion: The use of biochemical and molecular methods proved to be more successful in determining the type of bacteria in dairy products and showed a high frequency of isolates resistant to multiple drugs. The whey peptides derived from buffalo milk exhibited strong antimicrobial properties against the aforementioned resistant bacteria. This highlights the peptides' ability to be used as a natural antimicrobial to help with food safety and antimicrobial stewardship in dairy production systems.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.