Ovarian gonadal histomorphometric as bioindicators of lead contamination in stray cats from Jakarta and Surabaya, Indonesia.

Background: Rapid urbanization in Jakarta and Surabaya has intensified lead (Pb) contamination in the urban environment, and stray female cats, as effective bioindicators, provide a valuable model for assessing the accumulation of this persistent heavy metal and its potential adverse effects on ovarian health and reproductive function. Aim: This research was conducted to assess the effect of environmental exposure to lead on reproductive parameters in stray female cats in Jakarta and Surabaya as a sign of urban environmental pollution. Methods: We measured blood lead levels, and ovarian weights and follicular sizes were assessed to determine the effects on reproduction. Results: There were no significant differences in lead levels or reproductive parameters between the two cities, indicating a similar burden across these urban areas. Furthermore, the lack of discernible changes in ovarian morphological structure implies that current levels of exposure to lead may not be immediately affecting reproductive structures. However, the possibilities of sub-clinical, long-term endocrine and reproductive influences cannot be ignored, making continued surveillance and rigorous cell-based investigations a priority. Overall, the prevailing pollution conditions did not cause stray cats to reach toxic levels of lead, but rather revealed a pattern of chronic exposure. Conclusions: This work highlights the need for targeted environmental health policies to reduce pollution risks, protect urban animal populations, and consequently preserve human health. The results make very important contributions to the knowledge of urban.