ArticleOpen veterinary journal2026
Optimization and validation of the real-time polymerase chain reaction protocol for porcine gelatin detection in processed food and cosmetic products.
Article in Open veterinary journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Processed food and cosmetic products are integral to modern life, and technological advances have enabled the creation of increasingly complex formulations. Many of these products contain animal-derived ingredients, such as gelatin, whose source must be verified due to religious, health, and ethical concerns. Porcine is one of the primary sources of gelatin production, which has become a major concern. Its detection in complex matrices, such as processed food and cosmetics, is challenging, as gelatin itself undergoes extensive production processes. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely recognized as one of the analytical methods of choice for species determination; however, its application to gelatin source identification in complex samples remains limited. Aim: This study aimed to develop and optimize a real-time PCR protocol for identifying porcine gelatin contamination in highly processed matrix samples (processed foods and cosmetics) for halal authentication. Methods: This study was established through the following steps: DNA extraction, post-isolation DNA analysis, annealing temperature and primer concentration optimization, specificity assay, amplification efficiency trial, sensitivity test, repeatability examination, and marketed sample analysis. Results: The developed method demonstrated good specificity under optimized conditions (annealing temperature of 58.4°C and primer concentration of 0.2 µM). It achieved a good amplification efficiency of 101.2% with an Conclusion: The real-time PCR method meets the validation criteria for qualitative analysis, including specificity, amplification efficiency, sensitivity, and repeatability. This method provides a valuable foundation for advancing halal authentication, particularly for detecting porcine gelatin contamination in processed food and cosmetic products.
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