Emergency medical rescue in debris flow disaster.

Background: Debris flow is a sudden and destructive natural disaster that poses serious threats to human life and property. Much attention has been paid to its environmental and infrastructural impact but the health risks and emergency medical needs associated with debris flow are often overlooked. Objectives: This review aims to examine the causes, characteristics, and health implications of debris flow disasters, with a focus on evaluating emergency medical rescue efforts. It seeks to identify current gaps in disaster response and highlight emerging innovations that can enhance medical preparedness and intervention, and inform future research priorities as well as operational planning and policy development. Discussion: Existing studies have mainly concentrated on debris flow prediction and prevention, while medical rescue strategies remain underdeveloped. Major challenges include inadequate medical resources, poor coordination among response teams, and technological limitations in affected areas. Nonetheless, promising advancements such as drone-based surveillance, mobile medical units, and portable diagnostic equipment are gradually being integrated into disaster response systems. These innovations offer improved situational awareness and faster deployment of care but require further refinement and integration into national disaster response frameworks. Conclusions: Improving medical rescue in debris flow disasters requires a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach. Future efforts should aim to develop scalable, field-ready rescue models that prioritize human health and ensure timely, efficient medical care in debris flow emergencies. These findings also provide operationally oriented evidence to support protocol standardization and policy design for disaster medical response systems.