Molecular survey of Cryptosporidium spp. in ornamental birds and their sellers: implications for One Health.

Cryptosporidiosis, a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, can lead to prolonged and chronic diarrhea in individuals with weakened immune systems. The zoonotic characteristics of this parasite may impose notable economic challenges. This study investigates the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in ornamental birds and their sellers in Isfahan, the central region of Iran.A total of 223 samples, comprising 193 bird faecal samples (86.55%) and 30 seller samples (13.45%), were collected from pet stores throughout Isfahan. The samples were microscopically examined using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. Positive samples were subsequently subjected to DNA extraction and nested PCR for Cryptosporidium species identification. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree and a haplotype network were constructed to investigate the evolutionary relationships and haplotype network distribution patterns, respectively.The infection was detected in 4.66% (9/193) of ornamental birds and 13.33% (4/30) of bird sellers. Among the infected birds, 8 (4.15%) were identified as C. parvum and 1 (0.52%) as C. galli, while all infected sellers (4/30) harboured C. parvum. No significant correlation was observed between demographic variables and infection rates. Notably, in two pet shops, both birds and sellers were concurrently infected, indicating a potential zoonotic transmission link.This study reveals the presence of Cryptosporidium in pet birds and their sellers, emphasizing the potential for zoonotic transmission. By employing a One Health approach through phylogenetic tree construction and haplotype network analysis, the interconnectedness between human and pet bird populations is evident. As close contact between birds and their sellers may facilitate disease transmission, regular testing is highly recommended to monitor and prevent the spread of Cryptosporidium.