ArticleScientific reports2026
Hyperchaotic fractional-order image encryption with Knight's tour scrambling for satellite imagery.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Secure dissemination of high-resolution satellite imagery remains challenging because many image-tailored ciphers either (i) emphasize permutation-heavy designs without sufficiently strong, plaintext-adaptive nonlinearity, or (ii) provide strong security metrics but fall short on scalable, near-real-time performance and robustness assessment under realistic channel impairments. To address these gaps, this work proposes a three-stage chaos-chess hybrid encryption pipeline for color satellite images that couples fractional-order hyperchaotic key generation with lightweight algebraic mixing, dynamic substitution, and structured bit-level diffusion. First, multiple images are optionally augmented and each RGB channel is partitioned into [Formula: see text] pixel matrices that are mixed via invertible matrices derived from a 6D fractional-order hyperchaotic Vaidyanathan system, providing efficient confusion suitable for parallelization. Second, plaintext-sensitive S-boxes are constructed online from a 4D fractional-order hyperchaotic system and applied per channel to enhance nonlinearity and satisfy stringent criteria (NL [Formula: see text], SAC [Formula: see text], low LAP and DAP). Third, the resulting bit-streams are diffused by traversing [Formula: see text] blocks using Knight's Tour paths and XORing with 4D hyperchaotic key-streams to amplify avalanche propagation. Experiments on satellite and natural images demonstrate high ciphertext randomness (entropy [Formula: see text]), strong differential resistance (NPCR [Formula: see text], UACI [Formula: see text]), near-zero adjacent-pixel correlation (PCC [Formula: see text]), and a large key space ([Formula: see text]), while measured runtimes indicate suitability for real-time or near-real-time operation. Noise-like ciphertexts and lossless recovery are verified via visual, histogram, and DFT analyses, and robustness under occlusion and noise attacks (salt-and-pepper, Gaussian) is evidenced. The resulting modular design provides a scalable pathway for protecting remote sensing data and supports future integration with ROI-aware processing and hardware acceleration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.