SynthesisBreast (Edinburgh, Scotland)2026
Toxicity profile and tolerability of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of early-stage breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Emerging biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicity in triple-negative breast cancer: a mini-review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have demonstrated clinical benefit in early-stage breast cancer (eBC), enhancing antitumor immune responses. However, their incorporation into perioperative polychemotherapy has introduced new concerns regarding safety and immune-related toxicities (irAEs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate the safety profile and tolerability of ICIs in patients with eBC.
methodsA systematic review was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and relevant conference databases (ASCO, ESMO) to identify clinical trials reporting safety outcomes of ICIs in eBC. Data were analyzed using R (v4.2.2), applying random-effects models for both single-arm and comparative (pairwise) analyses.
resultsThirteen studies were included, comprising 3977 patients across all studies, including 3138 treated with ICI-containing regimens and 839 controls. For comparative pairwise analyses, 2715 patients received ICI-based therapy and 2399 received chemotherapy alone. The most frequently reported all-grade AEs in ICI arms were alopecia (AR 86.49%, 95% CI: 59.25-96.57) and leukopenia (AR 52.09%, 95% CI: 15.14-86.89). For grade ≥3 events, decreased neutrophil count (AR 17.88%, 95% CI: 10.65-28.44) and neutropenia (AR 18.19%, 95% CI: 10.81-28.96) were most common. The most common irAE was hypothyroidism (AR 12.70%, 95% CI: 9.27-17.16), while the most frequent severe irAE (grade ≥3) was adrenal insufficiency (AR 1.47%, 95% CI: 0.68-3.12).
conclusionThis meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of ICI safety in eBC. While most AEs were low-grade and manageable, significant risks of endocrine irAEs-particularly adrenal insufficiency and thyroid dysfunction-were identified. These findings underscore the need for proactive monitoring and highlight the importance of future research to better understand the mechanisms of ICI-related toxicity and to develop strategies for its prevention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.