ArticleMedical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre2026
Cytokine Profiles in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Neutrophils following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Study from Kuwait.
Article in Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study characterized cytokine profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and neutrophils following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech (mRNA-based) and AstraZeneca (adenoviral vector-based) vaccines in Kuwait. SUBJECTS AND
methodsThe study included 200 adult participants: 100 unvaccinated healthy controls; 18 recipients of two Pfizer-BioNTech doses; 32 recipients of two AstraZeneca doses; and 50 recipients of a third Pfizer-BioNTech dose. Blood samples were collected at 0-2 months and 3-6 months after vaccination, and cytokines were measured in mitogen-stimulated PBMC and neutrophil culture supernatants.
resultsBoth vaccine platforms induced measurable cytokine responses, but the cytokine patterns differed according to vaccine type, cell population, and time after vaccination. Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination was associated with an early Th2-skewed profile in PBMC, while AstraZeneca vaccination showed broader activation of Th1/Th2/Th17-associated cytokines. IL-6 and IL-10 decreased over time in several comparisons; however, these findings should be interpreted with caution because cytokine concentrations are dynamic and may vary with sampling time, cell type, and stimulation conditions. Overall, vaccine-induced cytokine profiles waned by 3-6 months after primary vaccination, whereas the third Pfizer-BioNTech dose enhanced several PBMC cytokine responses.
conclusionsThese findings support the immunomodulatory effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and highlight the value of booster vaccination for sustaining cellular immune responsiveness.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.