ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2026
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Q Fever in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Kenya.
Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundQ fever is a neglected zoonotic disease of global concern. In Kenya, it ranks among the top priority zoonoses, yet data on its prevalence and associated risk factors in smallholder dairy farms are limited.
objectivesTo estimate the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of Coxiella burnetii and identify risk factors for exposure in dairy cattle on smallholder farms in Kenya.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 448 smallholder dairy farms across Nandi County and nearby dairy-producing areas. Serum (n = 1829), vaginal swabs (n = 1783) and preputial swabs (n = 52) were collected. Animal and herd-level data on Q fever risk factors were recorded. An indirect IgG ELISA was used for antibody detection, whereas real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (quantitative PCR [qPCR]) was performed on the swab samples.
resultsThe animal-level seroprevalence of C. burnetii was 8.7% (95% CI: 7.4-10.0), whereas herd-level seroprevalence was 29.0% (95% CI: 24.8-33.2). Molecular prevalence detected by qPCR was 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9-2.0). Cows with a history of abortion had increased odds of seropositivity (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.14-2.61). Cattle on farms where dogs were kept-whether fed placentas or not-had lower odds of seropositivity compared to farms without dogs.
conclusionThis study confirms circulation of Q fever in smallholder dairy herds in Kenya. Investigating environmental persistence, farm management, interactions between susceptible hosts and sociocultural aspects of dog ownership in smallholder settings is essential to unravel the local transmission dynamics of Q fever. These findings highlight the need for coxiellosis control strategies, including improved biosecurity, surveillance and evaluation of vaccination approaches that have been successfully applied in other endemic settings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.