ArticleProgress in orthodontics2026
Iterative finite element analysis of molar uprighting using superelastic Nickel Titanium spring: introducing an Element-Iteration-Specific (EIS) material model.
Article in Progress in orthodontics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSuperelastic Nickel Titanium (NiTi) exhibits nonlinear and path-dependent behavior that complicates accurate simulation of orthodontic appliances. Standard iterative finite element (FE) formulations often fail to maintain realistic stress evolution during simulations, leading to non-physiologic force predictions. This study introduced an Element-Iteration-Specific (EIS) material model implemented within the FE framework to incorporate the behavior of superelastic NiTi alloy into an iterative simulation, aiming to investigate the biomechanics of a molar uprighting spring and estimate the clinical treatment duration.
methodsA two-dimensional (2D) model was constructed representing a 30° mesially tilted mandibular second molar uprighted using a prefabricated superelastic NiTi spring. At each iteration, the EIS algorithm redefines the element specific material parameters of the spring according to the stress-strain state inherited from the preceding iteration, thereby preserving the continuity of its behavior and enabling realistic stress evolution and load transfer between the wire, brackets, and teeth.
resultsThe simulation achieved 23.3° of molar uprighting with 3.0 mm of tangential distal and 2.4 mm of normal extrusive displacements, over an equivalent of 14-week clinical duration. The NiTi spring generated an initial 12.4 N·mm (~ 1265 g·mm) counter-clockwise moment and 0.9 N normal extrusive force. The mean PDL stress remained physiologic, decreasing from 20.3 KPa at wire activation to 13.3 KPa at the end of the simulation. The model successfully tracked the spatial and temporal evolution of the superelastic NiTi's stress-induced martensitic transformation during activation and uprighting.
conclusionsThe EIS framework effectively reproduced the nonlinear and history-dependent response of superelastic NiTi, offering clinically representative predictions and establishing a validated computational foundation for optimizing NiTi-based orthodontic appliances and improving treatment outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.