Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42371374›Full record

ArticleBehavior genetics2026

Direct and Indirect Genetic Effects on Child ADHD Traits in Early and Mid-Childhood: Trio Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analyses in a Large Norwegian Birth Registry Cohort.

Daniel L Wechsler, Espen M Eilertsen, Yasmin I Ahmadzadeh, Rosa Cheesman, Nicoletta Adamo, Laurie J Hannigan, Eivind Ystrom, Tom A McAdams

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Article in Behavior genetics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Daniel L WechslerSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. daniel.l.wechsler@kcl.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-8702
Espen M EilertsenPROMENTA, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Yasmin I AhmadzadehSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Rosa CheesmanPROMENTA, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Nicoletta AdamoDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Laurie J HanniganPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Division of Public Health and Prevention, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Eivind YstromPROMENTA, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Tom A McAdamsSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Genetic variants in family members may exert environmentally mediated indirect genetic effects on children's attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits. We set out to quantify the indirect genetic effects of parents' genotypes on children's ADHD traits as measured in early and mid-childhood. We analyzed data from genotyped trios of children, mothers, and fathers of European ancestry from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) birth cohort. Child ADHD data were available for analytic subsamples of 12,374 trios at age 5 (children 50.5% male), and 12,714 trios at age 8 (children 50.9% male). We quantified direct genetic effects of children's genotype and indirect effects of mothers' and fathers' genotypes on children's ADHD traits at each age. Differing patterns of direct and indirect genetic effects were observed in early and mid-childhood, with predominantly maternal indirect genetic effects on ADHD traits at age 5, and roughly equal direct genetic effects and maternal indirect effects on ADHD traits at age 8. However, large standard errors hindered confident inference as to the relative importance of specific effects, and model fit comparisons ultimately favored models with no indirect genetic effects at age 5 and 8, as well as no direct genetic effects at age 5. We do not find clear evidence of indirect genetic effects of maternal or paternal genotype on child ADHD traits at ages 5 and 8, nor direct genetic effects on child ADHD traits at age 5. While previous findings of indirect genetic effects on ADHD subdomains at ages 3 and 8 broadly support the plausibility of indirect genetic effects operating on total ADHD scores at ages 5 and 8, it appears that indirect genetic effects on overall ADHD trait magnitude may be more difficult to estimate with precision than subdomain-specific effects.

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityBirth CohortChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyGenotypeHumansMaleNorwayPhenotypeRegistriesADHDGenetic nurtureIndirect genetic effectsMoBaParent-childTrio-GCTA

Identifiers

PMID42371374
PMCPMC13421261

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.