Observational studyAnnals of surgical oncology2026
Long-term Outcomes of Surgery for Clinical T4 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Implications for Surgical Decision Making in the TNM 9th Edition Era.
Observational study in Annals of surgical oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundReal-world evidence regarding surgery for clinical T4 (cT4) nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is limited. We evaluated outcomes and prognostic factors of cT4 NSCLC using the 9th edition TNM classification. PATIENTS AND
methodsThis multi-institutional retrospective study included patients who underwent pulmonary resection for cT4N0-2bM0 NSCLC between 2010 and 2019. Prognostic factors for relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed in patients who achieved R0 resection. OS was compared across cT4 subgroups and cN categories.
resultsAmong 165 patients, 71 were classified as cT4 owing to invasion of neighboring organs. Clinical nodal status was cN0 in 97, cN1 in 40, cN2a in 21, and cN2b in 7. Preoperative therapy was administered in 44 patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 48%, with 90-day mortality of 2.4%. OS after R0 resection was significantly longer than after R1-2 resection. The 5-year RFS and OS of 149 R0-resected patients were 43 and 61%, respectively. The 5-year RFS rates were 47% for pN0-1, 28% for pN2a, and 17% for pN2b; corresponding OS rates were 63, 48, and 50%, respectively. Multivariable analysis identified pN status and preoperative therapy as independent predictors of RFS, and pN status was an independent predictor of OS. OS did not differ among cT4 subgroups (size alone, invasion alone, or both). Prognosis was similar between cT4cN0-1 and cT4cN2a, whereas cT4cN2b had significantly worse outcomes.
conclusionsSurgery for cT4 NSCLC can achieve favorable results when R0 resection is feasible. Tumors with dual T4 factors and selected cT4N2a disease may benefit from surgery-inclusive treatment.
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