Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) to assess benthic communities associated with offshore wind farms: insights and future directions.

Understanding biodiversity in offshore benthic ecosystems is crucial as anthropogenic pressures like offshore wind development increasingly alter marine environments. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), widely used for marine mammal research, offers a promising yet underexplored tool for assessing broader faunal communities. Here, we investigate whether PAM data, collected initially for marine mammal monitoring, can reveal spatial variation in benthic biodiversity along Scotland's east coast. We analysed passive acoustic data from eight offshore sedimentary habitats, identifying 16 distinct biological sound types likely produced by fish and invertebrates. Acoustic indices were also calculated and compared with environmental variables and infaunal benthic richness derived from open-source biodiversity databases. Our results show that key habitat variables, including substrate type, current velocity, and spawning suitability, drive variation in acoustic communities. The findings of this pilot study demonstrate that PAM can be used to detect biologically meaningful patterns in benthic assemblages, and with future work focusing on investigating longer-term datasets, it could offer a cost-effective tool for biodiversity monitoring across space and time. While several acoustic indices correlated with phonic richness and benthic diversity, we currently do not recommend their use in biodiversity monitoring. This study highlights the ecological value of existing acoustic datasets and advances our understanding of soundscape ecology and species-habitat relationships in changing marine environments.