ReviewTheranostics2026
Engineering spherical nucleic acids for precision cancer therapy: design strategies and medical applications.
Review in Theranostics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Malignant tumor treatment still faces issues like insufficient targeting, drug resistance, and immunosuppression. Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), with their three-dimensional core-shell structure and densely packed, radially oriented oligonucleotide shell, enable transfection-free cellular uptake and provide nuclease resistance and stability. This review examines SNA engineering strategies and their impact on precision oncology. Functionalization with antibodies, aptamers, or antisense oligonucleotides enables SNAs to target key molecules such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Advances in stimuli-responsive, self-assembled, liposomal, and peptide-based carrier systems facilitate controlled drug release and modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Diagnostic applications of SNAs include electrochemical, fluorescent, and colorimetric sensing systems for detecting biomarkers such as exosomes, miRNAs, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), and telomerase. Therapeutically, SNAs co-deliver chemotherapeutics and immunoadjuvants, support cancer vaccines, and exert efficacy in various tumors, including the central nervous, reproductive, digestive, hematological, barrier, and respiratory systems. Early clinical studies indicate a favorable biosafety profile, but issues remain regarding delivery efficiency, target selectivity, scalability, and long-term safety. Progress toward biodegradable, machine-learning-guided SNA platforms may soon make this nanotechnology a fundamental part of personalized, precision cancer medicine.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.