ArticleFrontiers in oncology2026
Overall survival and prognostic factors of oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in Saudi Arabia: a population-based cohort study (2000-2019).
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OC-SCC and OP-SCC) are major contributors to head and neck cancer mortality worldwide. However, long-term population-based survival patterns that separately evaluate these subsites remain limited in Saudi Arabia. This study assessed overall survival (OS) and independent prognostic factors in a nationwide cohort diagnosed between 2000 and 2019. A retrospective population-based cohort study was conducted using data from the Saudi Cancer Registry. The analysis included demographic characteristics (age, sex, region of residence), year of diagnosis, and stage at diagnosis. OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify independent predictors of mortality. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 18. The cohort included 3,114 patients. Five-year OS was 55% for OC-SCC and 49% for OP-SCC. In OC-SCC, survival declined markedly with advancing stage, with 5-year OS decreasing from 65% in localized disease to 38% in distant-stage disease. Patients aged ≥75 years had higher mortality compared with those ≤45 years (aHR 1.70, 95% CI 1.40-2.07), and males had increased risk compared with females (aHR 1.49, 95% CI 1.33-1.66). Diagnosis during 2010-2019 was also associated with higher mortality (aHR 1.37, 95% CI 1.22-1.55). In OP-SCC, regional stage was independently associated with higher mortality compared with localized disease (aHR 1.64, 95% CI 1.08-2.49), and residence in the Western region was associated with increased mortality (aHR 1.62, 95% CI 1.08-2.42). Survival outcomes for OC-SCC and OP-SCC in Saudi Arabia remain modest and vary by subsite and stage at diagnosis. The strong stage-related survival gradient highlights the importance of earlier detection and equitable access to cancer care to improve national outcomes.
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