ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2026
Influenza Vaccines for Persons Who Are Immunocompromised: A Scoping Review of the Literature.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Second-generation influenza vaccines include high-dose inactivated vaccine, recombinant vaccine, and MF-59 adjuvanted inactivated vaccine. In 2022, the US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices issued a preferential recommendation for second-generation vaccines in adults aged ≥65 years. A substantial proportion of individuals aged <65 years who are immunocompromised may be insufficiently protected by first-generation standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccines. This scoping review assessed evidence on the immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of influenza vaccines in immunocompromised populations to potentially inform public health decision making and identify research gaps for improved influenza control. Methods: In May 2026, we searched MEDLINE for studies published since 2014 that reported on vaccine effectiveness, efficacy, and immune response to influenza vaccination in individuals who were immunocompromised. Outcomes related to immunogenicity, clinical protection, and safety were assessed for first- and second-generation vaccines. Results: Our search strategy identified 1239 articles, of which 112 met inclusion criteria. Among these, 69 focused on first-generation standard-dose influenza vaccines, 31 on second-generation vaccines, and 12 included both generations. Most studies (86%) reported immunogenicity data, while only 19% reported efficacy of effectiveness results. Few studies reported higher immunogenicity with second-generation vaccines and following a booster dose. Current evidence of second-generation influenza vaccine effectiveness was limited and inconsistent. No safety concerns were reported with first- and second-generation influenza vaccines among persons who were immunosuppressed. Conclusions: We describe current evidence on influenza vaccine response, vaccine effectiveness, and vaccine safety in persons who are immunocompromised. The review highlights the lack of evidence supporting enhanced effectiveness of second-generation influenza vaccines in persons who are immunocompromised, although immunogenicity data and data from nonimmunocompromised populations support the potential benefits among persons aged <65 years who are immunocompromised.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.