ArticlePeerJ2026
eDNA reveals extraordinary fish diversity in the Urauchi River, Iriomote Island, Japan, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Article in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Robust biodiversity monitoring is essential for the management of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites; yet, systematic assessments of ichthyofaunal communities remain limited. Here, we apply environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to surface water samples collected in the Urauchi River (Iriomote Island, Japan), a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage site and one of Japan's most fish-diverse rivers. Surface water samples were collected at 10-11 sites along the 18.8 km stretch in May 2021 and November 2024. Using MiFish primers, high-throughput Illumina sequencing, and QIIME 2 pipeline, we obtained 35.7 million quality-filtered reads, from which 332 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to Actinopterygii and Chondrichthyes were assigned to 254 species, 64 genera, and 11 families, along with three unannotated OTUs due to low taxonomic resolution. Species richness peaked in the mid-to-lower estuary within dense mangrove zones, with α-diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson) increasing downstream. β-Diversity analyses [Bray-Curtis, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), distance-based Redundancy Analysis (dbRDA), and Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA)] revealed clear community structuring primarily driven by salinity, temperature, vegetation type, sampling year, and spatial distance (all
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