System dynamics of preadolescent mental wellbeing: A multi-actor perspective in Amsterdam using systems archetypes.

Background: Although research into the system dynamics underlying mental wellbeing has increased over recent years, it often remains rooted in positivist approaches that overlook lived experiences and dynamic system behaviour. This paper examines the system dynamics shaping preadolescent mental wellbeing by incorporating the perspectives of diverse stakeholders and analysing the system's overall behaviour. Design and methods: This qualitative study builds on earlier literature and scientific expert focus group data by incorporating the perspectives of preadolescents, caretakers, and professionals in Amsterdam, which were collected through a cocreated conversational tool and semistructured interviews. These insights informed a causal loop diagram (CLD), which was analysed using systems archetypes. Results: Multi-actor input from preadolescents, caretakers, and professionals expanded a science-based CLD to 62 factors, 50 identified feedback loops, and eleven subsystems. It revealed how social norms, institutional structures, and local contexts interact to shape preadolescent mental wellbeing. Seven systems archetypes were identified - mainly 'Success to the Successful', 'Shifting the Burden', and 'Fixes that Fail' - offering an understanding of recurring patterns that sustain (poor) mental wellbeing, from fragmented poverty support to changing societal norms around smartphone use. Conclusions: These findings underscore that complex public health issues have no quick or simple fixes. Instead, they require multilevel strategies that target various structural drivers while taking into account archetypal patterns. By mapping the system's structure and behaviour, this study hopes to encourage policymakers, educators, and communities to adopt a systems (archetype) lens to understand preadolescent mental wellbeing and act accordingly.