Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42368298›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of dentistry2026

Morphological Study of the Characteristics of Lips in Children With Mouth Breathing.

Lu Wenting, Wu Xiaowei, Yu Shengdan, Yan Xin, Guo Mengyuan, Hou Lili, Pan Xiaogang

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Article in International journal of dentistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Lu WentingDepartment of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China, shsmu.edu.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3613-0550
Wu XiaoweiDepartment of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China, shsmu.edu.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7248-839X
Yu ShengdanDepartment of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China, shsmu.edu.cn.
Yan XinDepartment of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China, shsmu.edu.cn.
Guo MengyuanDepartment of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China, shsmu.edu.cn.
Hou LiliDepartment of Nursing, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China, shsmu.edu.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6489-1744
Pan XiaogangDepartment of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China, shsmu.edu.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-4526

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between long-term mouth breathing habits and the morphological characteristics of children's lips, providing a basis for clinical diagnosis and early intervention. Given the cross-sectional design and reliance on parental questionnaire-based exposure classification, causal inference is not warranted; findings are strictly associative. Methods: A total of 210 children aged 6-12 years were enrolled, comprising 105 children clinically classified as long-term mouth-breathing children and 105 nasal-breathing children. Classification was based on a validated parental questionnaire with defined major and minor signs; objective airway assessment was not performed, which is acknowledged as a limitation. Lip morphological characteristics were analyzed from standardized lateral cephalograms. Quantitative parameters included protrusion of the subnasal region, upper lip, lower lip, and chin; length of the upper lip, lower lip, and chin; the ratio of upper lip length to lower lip length; nasolabial angle; mentolabial angle. Comparisons between groups used independent-samples Results: Significant positive correlations were found among Ns to N' Vert, UL to N' Vert, LL to N' Vert, Pog' to N' Vert, UL-L, LL-L, and Cn-L. Compared with nasal-breathing children, mouth-breathing children showed decreased protrusion of the subnasal region and upper lip, retraction of the chin, a sharper nasolabial angle, and a more obtuse mentolabial angle. No significant difference in lower lip protrusion (LL to N' Vert) was found between groups (adjusted Conclusions: Mouth breathing is associated with significant differences in lip and facial soft-tissue morphology in children, particularly in the protrusion and length of the subnasal region, upper lip, and chin, as well as in nasolabial and mentolabial angles. Early identification and interdisciplinary management of mouth breathing may be important for preventing further morphological changes; however, longitudinal studies are needed to establish temporal relationships and causal mechanisms.

Indexed as

childrenearly interventionlip morphological characteristicsmouth breathing

Identifiers

PMID42368298
PMCPMC13306110

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.