ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Predictive biomarkers of COVID-19 impact in renal transplant patients: an exploratory proteomic and cytokine analysis.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Renal transplant patients (RTPs) receiving immunomodulatory therapy are at increased risk of severe complications from COVID-19 and other infections. This study aimed to identify immune and proteomic biomarkers associated with COVID-19 in RTPs to improve disease characterization and support future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Methods: Peripheral blood samples from RTPs with COVID-19 infection, uninfected RTPs, and healthy controls were analyzed using cytokine gene expression profiling and label-free global quantitative proteomics. Differential cytokine expression and proteomic alterations were evaluated across study groups and according to disease severity and recovery status. Results: Cytokine levels differed significantly between healthy controls and COVID-19-affected RTPs (p = 0.04), whereas no significant difference was observed between healthy controls and uninfected RTPs (p = 0.92). Within the RTP-COVID group, cytokine expression varied according to disease severity (p = 0.04) but not between acute and recovery phases (p = 0.39). Proteomic profiling identified eighteen altered protein targets. Eight proteins (SERPINF2, SAA1, HP, PLG, SERPINA3, CFHR1, HRG, and C4A) were associated with RTP-COVID and may represent candidate biomarkers of COVID-19 risk in RTPs. Ten proteins (PLXNA2, CP, A2M, KNG1, CLU, SERPINA5, APOA4, ITIH2, ITIH1, and VTN) were uniquely differentially expressed between RTPs and healthy controls but not between RTP-COVID patients and controls. Discussion: These findings provide preliminary insights into immune and proteomic dysregulation associated with COVID-19 in RTPs and identify potential biomarker candidates for disease risk and severity assessment. However, the small sample size and inclusion of only surviving patients limit the generalizability of the findings. Validation in larger and more diverse cohorts is warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.