ArticleBMC oral health2026
Three-dimensional relationship between the hyoid bone and the stylohyoid complex: a cone-beam computed tomography study introducing a novel angular parameter.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between hyoid bone morphology and stylohyoid complex morphometry using cone-beam computed tomography and to investigate the influence of age and sex on these characteristics.
methodsA retrospective cone-beam computed tomography analysis of 338 individuals was performed to evaluate hyoid bone morphology, styloid process length, angulation, elongation type, and calcification patterns. The lesser horn-body angle was measured as a novel angular parameter to assess its relationship with the stylohyoid complex anatomy.
resultsThe study included 338 individuals (226 females, 66.9%; 112 males, 33.1%) with a median age of 43 years. No significant associations were found between hyoid bone morphology and styloid process length, angulation, elongation type, or calcification pattern (p > 0.05). Type U was the most common hyoid bone morphology overall and in males, whereas Type B predominated in females; however, the association between hyoid bone morphology and sex was not statistically significant. Although the highest lesser horn-body angle difference was observed in Type H and the lowest in Type B, these differences did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.076). Styloid process length, medio-lateral angulation, and antero-posterior angulation were significantly greater in males than females bilaterally (p < 0.05). Type I (elongated) and Type II (partial calcification) were the predominant stylohyoid complex elongation and calcification patterns, respectively, both showing bilateral symmetry. Age-related differences were identified among styloid process elongation types on both sides, with Type III (segmented) occurring at younger ages on the right side (p = 0.006) and Type I (elongated) being associated with older age on the left side (p < 0.001). No significant associations were found between hyoid bone morphology and styloid process length, angulation, elongation type, or calcification pattern (p > 0.05).
conclusionsCBCT demonstrated bilateral symmetry in stylohyoid complex morphology and angulation. Significant sex and age-related differences were observed in selected stylohyoid complex characteristics, whereas no association was found between hyoid bone morphology and stylohyoid complex morphometry. The lesser horn-body angle exhibited high reproducibility and bilateral consistency, although its significance remains unclear.
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