ArticleAnnals of geriatric medicine and research2026
Variation in the Association between Frailty and Disability over 10 Years: A Cohort Study.
Article in Annals of geriatric medicine and research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundAlthough frailty is associated with disability, its long-term persistence and changes over time remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the long-term association between frailty and the incidence of disability over a 10-year follow-up period, evaluating how this association changed over time.
methodsThis cohort study was conducted in Okayama City, Japan. Community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 years were included. Frailty was assessed using the Kihon Checklist, and disability was defined as a new certification for long-term care insurance. The association between frailty and disability was examined across five time periods (years 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, and 9-10) using a marginal structural model with inverse probability of treatment weighting and inverse probability of censoring weighting.
resultsThe final analysis included 45,291 participants, with 17.3% classified as frail. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the association between frailty and the incidence of disability gradually decreased over time but remained throughout the 10-year follow-up period. The adjusted ORs and 95% confidence intervals were 2.90 (2.55-3.29) for years 1-2, 2.40 (2.09-2.75) for years 3-4, 2.03 (1.76-2.34) for years 5-6, 1.75 (1.52-2.01) for years 7-8, and 1.58 (1.38-1.82) for years 9-10.
conclusionFrailty was consistently associated with the incidence of disability over a 10-year follow-up period, with a stronger association in the earlier years and a gradual decline over time.
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