Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42365337›Full record

ArticleJournal of nanobiotechnology2026

A Multiepitope Intranasal Adenoviral Vaccine Induces Robust Mucosal Immunity and Protection against SARS‑CoV‑2.

Ahmed Elkashif, Muralimanohara S T Murala, Carolyn M Lee, Raksha Suresh, Marwa Alhashimi, Wen-Chien Wang, Vivek Gairola, Andrea Pires Dos Santos, Patricia A Boley, Jennifer Schrock and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Ahmed Elkashif *Department of Comparative Pathobiology, and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, IN, West Lafayette, USA.
Muralimanohara S T Murala *Department of Comparative Pathobiology, and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, IN, West Lafayette, USA.
Carolyn M Lee *Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, OH, Wooster, USA.
Raksha Suresh *Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, OH, Wooster, USA.
Marwa AlhashimiDepartment of Comparative Pathobiology, and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, IN, West Lafayette, USA.
Wen-Chien WangDepartment of Comparative Pathobiology, and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, IN, West Lafayette, USA.
Vivek GairolaDepartment of Comparative Pathobiology, and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, IN, West Lafayette, USA.
Andrea Pires Dos SantosDepartment of Comparative Pathobiology, and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, IN, West Lafayette, USA.
Patricia A BoleyCenter for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, OH, Wooster, USA.
Jennifer SchrockCenter for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, OH, Wooster, USA.
Scott KenneyCenter for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, OH, Wooster, USA.
Ekramy E SayedahmedDepartment of Comparative Pathobiology, and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, IN, West Lafayette, USA.
Gourapura J RenukaradhyaCenter for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, OH, Wooster, USA. gourapura.1@osu.edu.
Suresh K MittalDepartment of Comparative Pathobiology, and Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, IN, West Lafayette, USA. mittal@purdue.edu.

Funding

Novel delivery platform and antigen design for an effective COVID-19 vaccineR01AI158177 · NIAID · PURDUE UNIVERSITY · PI MITTAL, SURESH K · 2020 to 2025
$3.9M
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AI158177NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI158177NIH HHS HHSN272201400008C
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundVaccination has been central to mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic; however, the continual emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) has reduced the effectiveness of current intramuscular vaccines that primarily target the Spike (S) protein. Although updated formulations are periodically introduced, there remains a critical need for next-generation vaccine platforms capable of inducing broad, variant-independent protection. Here we evaluate a heterologous intranasal (i.n.) prime-boost vaccination strategy using bovine adenoviral (BAd) and chimpanzee adenoviral (ChAd) vectors expressing the S1 subunit in combination with either full-length membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins (Ad-S1 + N + M) or multiepitope constructs derived from M and N (Ad-S1 + Epi/N + Epi/M). The constructs were incorporated with the autophagy-inducing peptide C5 (AIP-C5) to enhance antigen-specific T-cell responses.

resultsIn BALB/c mice, Ad-S1 + Epi/N + Epi/M vaccination induced robust S1-specific immunity while simultaneously inducing strong N- and M-specific humoral and cellular responses that were comparable to or greater than those induced by Ad-S1 + N + M. All S1-containing formulations generated high neutralizing antibody titers (~ 3.8 log₁₀) against Omicron B.1.1.529 and BA.2.86 variants, although titers against the ancestral Wuhan strain were approximately one log₁₀ lower. In K18-hACE2 mice, i.n. immunization with S1-expressing vectors provided near-complete protection against BA.2.86 challenge, with undetectable lung viral titers and viral genome copies.

conclusionAn i.n. multiepitope adenoviral vaccine incorporating conserved SARS-CoV-2 antigens induces robust mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses and confers significant protection following SARS-CoV-2 challenge.

Indexed as

Adenovirus VaccinesCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesEpitopesImmunity, MucosalSARS-CoV-2AdenoviridaeAdministration, IntranasalAnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralCoronavirus Nucleocapsid ProteinsFemaleGenetic VectorsHumansMiceAdenovirus VaccinesAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralCoronavirus Nucleocapsid ProteinsCOVID-19 VaccinesEpitopesnucleocapsid phosphoprotein, SARS-CoV-2PhosphoproteinsProtein Subunit VaccinesSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2Bovine adenoviral vector, chimpanzee adenoviral vector, adenoviral vectorCOVID-19, SARS-CoV-2Membrane protein, epitopesMulti-epitope vaccineNucleocapsid proteinSpike proteinVaccine platform

Identifiers

PMID42365337
PMCPMC13576140

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.