ArticleBMC women's health2026
A multilevel analysis of the factors associated with the use of different types of modern contraceptive methods: permanent methods, LARCs, MARCs, and SARCs, among married or in-union Nigerian women with a demand for family planning.
Article in BMC women's health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to investigate the factors associated with the use of different modern contraceptives (MCs) by Nigerian married or in-union women of reproductive age with a demand for family planning (DFP). These MCs are permanent methods and long-acting reversible contraceptives (PLARCs), medium-acting reversible contraceptives (MARCs), and short-acting reversible contraceptives (SARCs).
methodsAn unweighted sample size of 9,983 women nested in a total of 1,118 communities was extracted from the 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. A multilevel multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis was carried out using Stata 17.0. Two levels of analysis were utilised: the individual and the community level, with the accompanying variables adjusted for.
resultsThe DFP satisfied by modern methods (DFPSM) was approximately 33.9%, with the DFP satisfied by PLARCs, MARCs, and SARCs estimated as approximately 17.1%, 9.1%, and 7.8%, respectively. We found large remaining significant between-community variances in the odds of women satisfying their DFP with the different MCs. This was shown by the various estimated median odd ratios for the DFP satisfied by PLARCs, MARCs, and SARCs: approximately 3.870, 4.830, and 4.532, respectively. These remaining between-community variances were of greater relevance than the associated effects of most of the adjusted individual and household-level variables. This was with the exception of only the regression effects on DFP satisfied with MARCs of women in households with 1 to 2 dejure children at most 5 years old (aOR = 5.514, 95%CI = 2.226 to 13.658, p < 0.001); and those in households with no children at most 5 years old (aOR = 9.359, 95%CI = 3.656 to 23.954, p < 0.001). However, other variables that significantly increased the use of the different types of MCs by women with a DFP were their formal education level and women being usual residents of communities with high age at first marriage/cohabitation, low fertility clusters, and low polygyny clusters.
conclusionTo increase the very low DFPSM in Nigeria using different types of MCs, government policies/interventions aimed at improving the educational level of girls beyond the primary level should be implemented. A greater concentration should be within communities with low age at first marriage/cohabitation, high polygyny, and high fertility clusters.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.