Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42364036›Full record

ArticleJournal of neurology2026

Neuropsychological impairments in emotion recognition compared to general cognition: profiles across six different neurological disorders.

Amber Heegers, Sandra E Rakers, Marieke E Timmerman, Herma J Westerhof-Evers, Hugo P Aben, Esther van den Berg, Nils S van den Berg, Jay L P Fieldhouse, Marleen J J Gerritsen, Rob J M Groen and 16 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Amber Heegers *Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8747-1654
Sandra E Rakers *Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands. s.e.rakers@umcg.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1965-9668
Marieke E TimmermanDepartment of Psychometrics and Statistics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1579-6964
Herma J Westerhof-EversDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-3378
Hugo P AbenDepartment of Neurology, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5875-2577
Esther van den BergDepartment of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8120-7366
Nils S van den BergDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-5598
Jay L P FieldhouseAlzheimer Centre Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9664-4075
Marleen J J GerritsenDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-8565-0625
Rob J M GroenDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3067-763X
Edward H F de HaanDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-3674
Rients B HuitemaDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-4621
Lize C JiskootDepartment of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-1858
Lieke S JornaDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-539X
Sara KhosdelazadDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7674-352X
Paul L M de KortDepartment of Neurology, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6031-2255
Miranda C A KramerDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-5040-998X
Teus van LaarDepartment of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Punt Voor Parkinson, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5088-480X
Yolande A L PijnenburgAlzheimer Centre Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-1905
Harro SeelaarDepartment of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1989-7527
Femke F SiebengaDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-9307-7994
Fijanne StrijkertDepartment of Geriatric Medicine and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7709-0310
Hiska L van der WeideDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-2345
Sygrid van der ZeeDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4244-369X
Anne M BuunkDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7346-5691
Jacoba M SpikmanDepartment of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6477-0763

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveSocial cognition, particularly emotion recognition, can be impaired in neurological disorders involving brain damage and neurocognitive deficits. However, it remains unclear whether distinctive profiles of social versus general cognitive impairments exist across neurological patient groups: moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (mod-sevTBI), acute ischaemic stroke (AIS), aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH), frontal low-grade glioma (LGG), advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD).

methodsData were obtained from scientific studies and clinical records in four Dutch research centres. Neuropsychological testing included emotion recognition [Eckman 60-Faces test (EFT): total score and subscores], memory [Dutch Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (DRAVLT): encoding and retrieval], information processing speed, and cognitive control (Trail Making Test A and B). Scores were transformed into Z-scores using normative data and compared across groups.

resultsIncluded were 710 patients: 118 mod-sevTBI, 93 AIS, 121 aSAH, 100 LGG, 147 PD, 131 bvFTD. EFT-total was impaired in all groups (p < .001), with significant group differences (F(5,704) = 30.8, p < .001). Emotion recognition was the most severely affected domain in bvFTD, mod-sevTBI, AIS, and LGG. Only bvFTD and mod-sevTBI showed impairments in specific emotions, mainly sadness and fear. MANOVA showed overall group differences in general cognition (Wilks' Lambda = .69, p < .001). Memory encoding was impaired in all groups, but retrieval in none. Information processing speed and cognitive control were impaired only in bvFTD, mod-sevTBI, AIS, and PD.

interpretationEmotion recognition is significantly affected across six neurological patient groups, with distinct profiles relative to general cognition. These findings support tailored neuropsychological assessment in clinical practice.

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionEmotionsFrontotemporal DementiaNervous System DiseasesParkinson DiseaseRecognition, PsychologyAdultAgedFemaleGliomaHumansIschemic StrokeMaleMiddle AgedNeuropsychological TestsProcessing SpeedEmotion recognitionFrontotemporal dementiaLow-grade gliomaNeurocognitive profilesParkinson’s diseaseStrokeSubarachnoid haemorrhageTraumatic brain injury

Identifiers

PMID42364036
PMCPMC13310198

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