Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42363866›Full record

Observational studyGut microbes2026

Early antibiotic exposure and vaccine immune responses in preterm infants: potential sex-specific differences.

Laura Haag, Stefanie Dietz-Ziegler, Julian Schwarz, Gabriele Kaiser, Jessica Rühle, Janine Hebel, Till Lesk, Trim Lajqi, Jennifer Müller, Ulrich Schoppmeier and 11 more

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Gut microbes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Laura HaagDepartment of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
Stefanie Dietz-ZieglerDepartment of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
Julian SchwarzDepartment of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
Gabriele KaiserDepartment of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
Jessica RühleDepartment of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
Janine HebelDepartment of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
Till LeskDepartment of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
Trim LajqiDepartment of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-2584-589X
Jennifer MüllerInstitute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
Ulrich SchoppmeierInstitute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
Renate FundelDepartment of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
Kriszta MolnarDepartment of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
Ingmar FortmannDepartment of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
Christian F PoetsDepartment of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.
Jana HaukeDepartment of Pediatrics I, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
Jürgen G OkunDepartment of Pediatrics I, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
Dominik WolffPeter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
Michael ZemlinDepartment of Paediatrics, Saar University Homburg, Homburg, Germany.
Christoph HärtelDepartment of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Christian GilleDepartment of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
Natascha Köstlin-GilleDepartment of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-3718-5507

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neonatal sepsis represents a major risk in preterm infant care, resulting in widespread early-life antibiotic exposure. While the latter has been linked to immune maturation in term-born neonates, its impact on preterm immune development remains unclear. The aim of this prospective observational study was to investigate the effect of early antibiotic exposure on vaccine titers at a corrected age of four months. To achieve this, blood and stool samples were analyzed from 69 preterm infants (<32 weeks gestational age; 35 with 34 without antibiotic exposure during the first postnatal week) at postnatal day 14 and again at four months corrected age. We assessed vaccine-induced antibody titers against

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsGastrointestinal MicrobiomeInfant, PrematureVaccinesAntibodies, BacterialBacteriaFecesFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleProspective StudiesRNA, Ribosomal, 16SSex FactorsAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntibodies, BacterialRNA, Ribosomal, 16SVaccinesAntibioticsmicrobiomepreterm infantssex-differencesvaccination

Identifiers

PMID42363866
PMCPMC13313264

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.