TrxR1 inhibition sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to Motesanib via an autophagy-ROS-JNK/ER stress axis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a highly aggressive malignancy with a dismal prognosis, largely due to the limited effectiveness of current therapeutic interventions. Although Motesanib (MOT) is a clinically studied VEGFR-centered inhibitor, VEGFR-targeted strategies remain limited by innate or acquired resistance. In this study, we explored a novel pharmacological strategy combining MOT with Auranofin (AF) to enhance therapeutic outcomes in HCC. Our data demonstrate that this dual-targeting approach yields robust synergistic anticancer activity across diverse experimental models. Mechanistically, we discovered that TrxR1 inhibition is critical for this sensitization, which is closely associated with autophagy-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Specifically, genetic depletion of Atg5 effectively suppressed ROS accumulation and attenuated cytotoxicity, suggesting that autophagy contributes to the synergistic oxidative damage. This orchestrated stress response subsequently led to sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and JNK pathway activation, culminating in DNA damage, impaired proliferation, and reduced cell viability. Taken together, our results identify the combination of MOT and AF as a promising and mechanistically grounded treatment regimen for advanced HCC (Graphical Abstract).