ArticleBMC oral health2026
Evaluation of the effect of obesity on oral health and halitosis in children.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveObesity has become one of the leading health concerns in the world. There has been limited data on the effect of obesity on oral health in children and no research has specifically examined the impact of obesity on halitosis in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of obesity on oral health parameters including dental caries, periodontal health, and halitosis in children. MATERIALS AND
methodsA total of 295 children aged 10-13 years were included in the study. Height, body weight, and waist circumference were measured, and body mass index (BMI), z-scores, and percentile values were calculated using the WHO AnthroPlus 2007 program. Participants were classified into obese and non-obese groups. The obese group consisted of overweight/obese children, whereas the non-obese group comprised underweight/normal weight children. Oral health status, including the presence of halitosis, was assessed. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to the parents. The collected data were statistically analyzed using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and multivariable logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05).
resultsThe obese group consisted of 111 children (37.6%), whereas the non-obese group comprised 184 children (62.4%). No statistically significant differences were observed between the obese and non-obese groups regarding DMFT/DMFS, dmft/dmfs, ICDAS II, plaque index, or gingival index scores. However, a statistically significant difference was found in the prevalence of halitosis between the groups. The frequency of halitosis was significantly higher in the obese group (24.3%) than in the non-obese group (14.7%) (p = 0.038). Furthermore, the association between tongue coating and halitosis was statistically significant in the non-obese group (p = 0.049), but not in the obese group (p = 0.790). Multivariable logistic regression analysis also identified overweight and obesity as potential risk factors for halitosis (OR = 1.847, 95% CI: 1.006-3.389).
conclusionsIn addition to the well-known causes of halitosis, overweight and obesity may also be considered potential risk factors in children. Parents should be informed that overweight and obesity may be associated with bad breath, which can lead to embarrassment and anxiety in children.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.