ArticleBMC cardiovascular disorders2026
Association of athlete's heart and ACE I/D genotype with later-life left ventricular hypertrophy: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
background"Athlete's heart" refers to the physiological cardiac hypertrophy observed in competitive athletes, which reverts to normal after retirement from competition. However, few studies have examined long-term follow-up. This study investigated whether former college athletes with a history of an athlete's heart have a higher risk of developing heart disease later in life and examined its association with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphisms.
methodsA total of 980 participants (mean age, 52.0 ± 15.7 years) from the Juntendo University Alumni Study were analyzed. Information on Athlete's heart during college and subsequent heart disease, including left ventricular hypertrophy, was obtained through self-administered questionnaires in 2018. The ACE I/D genotype was determined based on the rs4341 C/G polymorphism.
resultsOf all participants, 177 (18.1%) reported Athlete's heart during college, and 15 (1.5%) were diagnosed with left ventricular hypertrophy later in life. Former athletes with Athlete's heart had a 7.3-fold higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy than those without such a history. Moreover, carriers of the D allele showed a further increased risk (odds ratio, 13.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-142.41).
conclusionsThese findings suggest that regular cardiac monitoring may be warranted to identify potential late-onset cardiac remodeling in former athletes with Athlete's heart carrying the ACE D allele.
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