ArticleScientific reports2026
Development and evaluation of sustainable ionic liquid-based surfactant formulations for EOR in high-temperature, high-salinity, low-permeability carbonate reservoirs.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Designing robust surfactant-based EOR formulations for carbonate reservoirs under high temperature, high salinity, and low permeability (< 10 md) conditions is particularly complex. This study focuses on formulating and evaluating an ionic liquid (IL)-based surfactant system tailored for such environments. A systematic screening workflow was employed to identify the optimal composition. This workflow included stability analysis, emulsification behavior, contact angle measurements, phase behavior evaluation, adsorption critical study, and coreflooding experiments. A newly synthesized imidazolium-based ionic liquid (MDIMO) was blended with amphoteric surfactants and IOS to leverage the tunable and stability characteristics of ILs. The optimized formulation achieved IFT of 0.003 mN/m and contact angles of 50°, while maintaining stability at salinity levels up to 230,000 mg/L and ultrahigh hardness (> 10,000 mg/L). Injection of this IL-based formulation into a low-permeability carbonate core yielded a 19% incremental oil recovery beyond seawater flooding. Moreover, incorporating sodium polyacrylate significantly reduced the adsorption density of MDIMO to less than 1 mg/g on the carbonate rock. Compared to a conventional surfactant blend, the IL-based formulation demonstrated markedly superior performance in IFT reduction, emulsification, and oil recovery. The combined Amott-USBM, contact angle, FTIR analyses, and ζ-potential validated the wettability state and alteration mechanisms. These findings highlight the structure-performance technique and its collaboration with blending approach to develop a formulation for EOR in low permeable carbonate reservoir. This study benchmarks the performance of a bulky synthesized ionic liquid against traditional surfactants for the development of more sustainable and efficient EOR strategies under harsh conditions.
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