Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42361128›Full record

ArticleDiabetes/metabolism research and reviews2026

Retinol, Carotenoid, and Tocopherol Intake and Status, and the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young Study.

Leena Hakola, Joanna L Clasen, Ulla Uusitalo, Carin Andrén Aronsson, Sandra Hummel, Markus Mattila, Sari Niinistö, Jorma Toppari, Anette-G Ziegler, William A Hagopian and 9 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Leena HakolaUnit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-6035
Joanna L ClasenHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-5740
Ulla UusitaloHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Carin Andrén AronssonDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
Sandra HummelInstitute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany and Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany.
Markus MattilaUnit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Sari NiinistöDepartment of Public Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Jorma ToppariDepartment of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Anette-G ZieglerInstitute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany and Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany.
William A HagopianPacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2979-0475
Beena AkolkarNational Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Marian J RewersBarbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Richard A McIndoeCenter for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
Åke LernmarkDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1735-0499
Jeffrey P KrischerHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Jill M NorrisDepartment of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Iris ErlundInstitute for Nutrition and Health Research, Helsinki, Finland.
Suvi M VirtanenUnit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
TEDDY Study Group

Funding

NIH Prior Approval Process ProfessionalUL1TR002535 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI SOKOL, RONALD J. · 2018 to 2022
$51.1M
UF Clinical and Translational Science AwardUL1TR000064 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI NELSON, DAVID R · 2012 to 2014
$12.2M
Breakthrough T1DCDC HHSEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000064NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002535NIDDK NIH HHSNIEHS NIH HHSResearch Council of Finland 339922State funding for university-level health research (Wellbeing services county of Pirkanmaa)
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTo study the associations of dietary intake of A and E vitamins, as well as plasma retinols, carotenoids, and tocopherols in relation to development of islet autoimmunity and progression to T1D. MATERIALS AND

methodsThe Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study followed 7659 newborns with genetic susceptibility to T1D for 6 years in the USA, Finland, Germany, and Sweden. Dietary vitamin intake was assessed repeatedly with 3-day food-records in full cohort at ages 6 months to 6 years. Plasma retinols, carotenoids, and tocopherols were analysed in a nested case-control setting with 359 children with islet autoimmunity and 1033 matched controls.

resultsIn the full cohort analyses, dietary intake of retinol, β-carotene, and vitamin E was not associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity or progression to T1D. Further, none of the plasma retinol, carotenoid, and tocopherol biomarkers were associated with islet autoimmunity or T1D in the full nested case-control analyses. We observed effect modification by country, breastfeeding, sex, and follow-up time for both intake and biomarkers of vitamins on the risk of islet autoimmunity or T1D, and some subgroup associations. Finally, a plasma carotenoid metabolite (likely zeinoxanthin) (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39, 0.95, p = 0.03) and γ-carotene at 6 months (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45, 0.94, p = 0.02) were inversely associated with the odds of developing GADA-first.

conclusionsRetinol, carotenoids and tocopherols were not consistently associated with islet autoimmunity. This study adds to the understanding of factors and their interactions related to T1D development.

Indexed as

AutoimmunityCarotenoidsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Islets of LangerhansTocopherolsVitamin ACase-Control StudiesChildChild, PreschoolDietFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleCarotenoidsTocopherolsVitamin Abirth cohortcarotenoidsdiabetes mellitus, type 1retinoltocopherolsvitamin Avitamin E

Identifiers

PMID42361128
PMCPMC13308770

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.