Clinical Impact of OXA-48-Producing Enterobacterales Rectal Colonization on Hematologic Patients With Febrile Neutropenia.

Background: The impact of rectal colonization with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) on subsequent infection and mortality in febrile neutropenia (FN) remains unclear, as does the role of surveillance cultures in guiding empirical therapy. This study assessed the role of colonization and/or infection by OXA-48-producing Enterobacterales (OXA-48-E) on 15-day mortality in hematologic patients with FN. Method: This single-center retrospective cohort study included hematologic patients receiving chemotherapy, hospitalized for FN, and screened for CPE rectal colonization at admission and weekly. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of OXA-48-E infection and 15-day mortality. FN episodes were the analysis unit. Results: Eighty-seven patients experienced 170 FN episodes (48 in OXA-48-E carriers, 122 in noncarriers). OXA-48-E infection occurred in 15/48 (31%) carrier episodes and in none of the noncarriers, yielding a 100% negative predictive value for recent negative rectal swabs. Other OXA-48-E infection predictors included acute leukemia (aOR 6.71; 95% CI: 1.62-27.77; Conclusions: Rectal colonization strongly predicts OXA-48-E infection in hematologic patients with FN. Furthermore, lack of active antibiotic therapy within the first 24 hours of FN was independently associated with increased mortality.